About Paris Heng NETwork

IP Subnet Calculator

2008-09-14T04:17:00.000-07:00

Classless Routing Behavior

2008-09-14T04:06:00.000-07:00

At times the router might receive packets destined for a subnet of a network that has no network default route. shows the router in network 128.20.0.0 connected to subnets 128.20.1.0, 128.20.2.0, and 128.20.3.0. Suppose the host sends a packet to 120.20.4.1. By default, if the router receives a packet destined for a subnet it does not recognize, and there is no network default route, the router discards the packet.

In , classless routing is enabled in the router. Therefore, when the host sends a packet to 120.20.4.1, instead of discarding the packet, the router forwards the packet to the best supernet route.

Route Selection in Cisco Routers

2008-09-14T03:52:00.000-07:00

In summary, making a forwarding decision actually consists of three sets of processes: the routing protocols, the routing table, and the actual process which makes a forwarding decision and switches packets. These three sets of processes are illustrated, along with their relationship, next.

The longest prefix match always wins among the routes actually installed in the routing table, while the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance always wins when installing routes into the routing table.

The main considerations while building the routing table are:

Administrative distance - This is the measure of trustworthiness of the source of the route. If a router learns about a destination from more than one routing protocol, administrative distance is compared and the preference is given to the routes with lower administrative distance. In other words, it is the believability of the source of the route.
Metrics - This is a measure used by the routing protocol to calculate the best path to a given destination, if it learns multiple paths to the same destination. Each routing protocol uses a different metric.
Prefix length

Let's look at another scenario to see how the router handles another common situation: varying prefix lengths. Assume, again, that a router has four routing processes running on it, and each process has received these routes:

EIGRP (internal): 192.168.32.0/26
RIP: 192.168.32.0/24
OSPF: 192.168.32.0/19

Which of these routes will be installed in the routing table? Since EIGRP internal routes have the best administrative distance, it's tempting to assume the first one will be installed. However, since each of these routes has a different prefix length (subnet mask), they're considered different destinations, and they will all be installed in the routing table.

How to reset passwords on Cisco 2500 Series Router

2008-09-06T21:12:00.000-07:00

The steps are:

1. Use a console cable.
2. Connect the cable to the serial port at your pc and the other end at the Routers
3. Use Hyper Terminal in windows.You can get it from Start>Programs>Accessories>Communication>
4. Use the default setting on the Hyper Terminal. Please identify ur serial port communication number before start configuring.
5. Switch on the router and press Ctrl+Pause within 60 seconds of the booting. Then you will enter a RAMMON mode.
6. Type o/r 0x42 and press Enter.
7. Type i and the router will restarts. Answer NO to all question or press Ctrl-C
8. Type enable and press enter. You are in the EXECUTION Mode now.
9. Type show start and you will see all the passwords for each interface. If the password if encrypted, follow step 10.
10.Type copy run start to copy to NVRAM in memory.
11.Type show run
12.To make a new password, type config term and then type enable secret your new password to set a new password. Then press Ctrl-Z
13.Type copy run start.
14.Type config term and type config-register 0x2102 and press enter
15.Press Ctrl-Z and press enter
16.Type copy running-config startup-config to save in into memory
17.Type reload to reboot the routers.

Now you can configure the router with your new password . You have to remember that the password reset only can be done when you switch on the power by hand...so hackers cannot reset the password remotely...since the data center or conncetion room policies does not allow people to enter the room or go near to the routers...so u cannot switch off or on it.

Malaysia in the Beijing 2008 Wushu Competition Medal Tally

2008-08-23T18:57:00.000-07:00

According to information from Beijing Olympic Committee yesterday, Wushu (Martial Arts) would appear in Beijing 2008 Olympics. However, it will be a special event differing from the 28 major events.It is said that Wushu has been ratified by the International Olympic Committee as a special event in Beijing Olympics. The name of the match has been designated as Wushu Competitions of Beijing Olympics. As for its medals, it will be different from those of the formal competitive events. Ten medals will be allocated to this special event.

Rank	Name	NF/RF Code	Medal
Women's 48KG
1	BVU THI NHU TRANG	VIE	Gold
2	TOPORASTE CRISTINA AURELIA	ROM	Silver
3	VAN MILNES	USA	Bronze
3	DING SIEW BEE	MAS	Bronze
5	KHADIJEH ZEINAL ZADEH	IRI
5	RODIONOVA LUDMILA	RUS
5	TUGBA UN	TUR
5	KIRAN BALA DEVI	IND

©Bernama (Used by permission)
by Tham Choy Lin

BEIJING, Aug 22 (Bernama) -- Malaysia gained their first medals in the Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008 with bronzes from Pui Fook Chien and Diana Bong on Friday night.

Fook Chien finished third in the men's nanquan and nangun combined event with a total of 19.34 points, just behind Taiwan's Peng Wei Hua's silver placed 19.39.

Willy Wang of the Philippines who dominated both the nanquan and nangun routines, the southern China style cudgel and fist fighting styles respectively, took gold with 19.44 points.

"I didn't warm up very well. I suffered spasms in my legs," said Foo Chien.

Bong clinched her medal in the women's nandao and nanquan combined event after recovering from her seventh position overnight in the nandao by emerging third best in the nanquan for a total of 19.04.

Taking a fourth gold for China from the martial art contest was China's Lin Fan with 19.65 points while the silver went to Erika Kojima of Japan who was 0.12 points ahead of the Malaysian.

In the morning, Malaysia's world bronze medallist Ang Eng Chong finished a disappointing eighth with 9.25 points in the men's changquan.

China's world champion Yuan Xiachao was near flawless as he delighted the home crowd in the long fist discipline in grabbing the gold with 9.83 points while Semen Udelov of Russia and Ehsan Pewyghambari of Iran took the silver and bronze.

Watching on was China's Jet Li, himself a child wushu star who punched and kicked his way to film stardom and Hollywood. He made a quick exit soon after he was caught by television cameras inside the venue at the Olympic Sports Centre gymnasium.

A total of 10 gold medals are at stake in the tournament which is split into floor disciplines called "taolu" and combat fighting known as "sanshou". The medals, however, are not counted in the Olympics tally.

Malaysia's seven competitors here are Ang Eng Chong (men's changquan), Lee Yang (men's taijiquan and taijijian combined), Lim Yew Fai (men's jianshu and qiangshu combined), Pui Fook Chien (men's nanquan and nangun combined), Diana Bong (women's nanquan and nandao combined), Chai Fong Wei (women's daoshu and gunshu combined) and Chai Fong Ying (women's taijiquan and taijijuan combined).

802.11 broadcast of local info

2008-08-01T18:37:00.000-07:00

On a recent roadtrip, I did some “wardriving” where you scan for 802.11 (wifi) access points. Today they are everywhere. The scanning program lists the network name (SSID) as well as other information like the model of access point and whether it has encryption on. Often the SSIDs are informative, with the names of families and companies. Mine is an web address that would let a neighbour contact me.

All this happens because most access points transmit a regular “beacon” packet which lists their SSID and other information needed to connect to them. Seeing that the SSIDs were sometimes interesting, I wondered if we might do much more with a special beacon.

This beacon would deliberately tell you a bit about the access or location. It would contain a mixed XML/HTML packet with a variety of useful fields and general text. These could range from simple descriptions (“This access point belongs to Joe Smith, I’m a programmer”) to information (“On this site, Paul Revere stopped on his ride to consult with local minutemen”) to street directions (“Turn right to get to highway 101, left for downtown”) to, of course, advertising (“We sell fresh fruit and have a special on plums today.”)

In other words, a replacement for signs and billboards and markers. And perhaps much more. Access points would also talk about themselves, declaring, for example, if the owner is offering open internet access for free or for fee, or has a local database of information, and what classes of information are in the main text. The local lattitude and longitude for those without a GPS could be useful, along with local map data in a compact form.

Users could quickly get a program for their laptop (such as Netstumbler) to read and display such virtual annotations to the world as they drive. Primarily for passengers to use, of course. Eventually dedicated boxes would become available, and onboard car computers and GPS units could understand the protocol. Mass market access points would include a set-up screen in their web interface to let the owner enter the information beacon text and enable it. (Today some APs have open source firmware and an energetic programmer could do this right away.)

All of this might be both useful and entertaining. Children might enjoy reading all the random bits of information that flow by and stop asking “are we there yet?” The journey can become the reward. (Of course remember to look out the window sometimes.)

I can imagine vendors making a cheap solar powered access point that, during the day at least, sends out information beacons as soon as enough power is stored in the capacitors to send one. These could operate on a small, cheap solar cell (the more power, the more frequent the beacon) and be placed anywhere. “I’m an oak tree!”

Below, I will get into some technical issues and discuss the unanswered question, which is how to avoid abuse by excessive advertisement, spam and falsehoods.Extending the 802.11 protocol to include this sort of beacon would not be too hard. One would want this beacon to be a less frequent than the typical 100ms for the protocol administration beacon. It might run every 1 to 2 seconds. It would probably be limited to a small size — a few kilobytes — and run at the 1 megabit speed for longer range. Care is needed or else a cacaphony of information beacons might use up a lot of bandwidth. The main beacon might also add a bit to say that an informational beacon is available. Alternately, endpoints might wait for the main beacon, check for a new flag in it, and then send a form of the probe packet to request the informational beacon. This would allow it to be larger as it would not be transmitted very often.

As everybody knows, most signs on the road are advertising, and I think it would be nice if there were some way to stop these beacons from being mostly spam. Beacons on actual roadside stores would be tolerable, telling you about the store and what it’s selling, but we know vendors would want to place beacons far away, on all the approaches to their store. How many would Wall Drug erect? The beacons with solar power could become so cheap as to flood the planet with virtual advertising.

Would an honour system work? Beacons would be expected to tag their type of message — local info, description, historical marker, road directions, onsite advertising, down-the-road advertising and so on. But if people selected their receivers to tune out various types of ads, would the advertisers accept that or lie about the type of message? A reputation system could help here, where both databases and other local beacons include information on who to listen to and who to ignore, but ignored folks will quickly get a new MAC address or other token unless there’s a big certifying authority that hands out IDs which I want to avoid for a whole number of reasons. I am looking for good suggestions that don’t require a certifying authority whom you must go to before you can put up a beacon people will pay attention to.

On top of all this, it would be cool to develop an 802.11 extension to allow a “quick association” for fast grabs of data in a noisy environment. This would be meant for grabs by moving cars which will only be in range for about 5 seconds, a “drive-by tooting.” Right now they must authenticate, associate, get a DHCP address and then do a TCP session (such as a web fetch) and it can be too much work in the short time.

It would be nice to build a protocol that would allow a single packet from the endpoint to start a web fetch. The packet would authenticate and associate (only on open networks) and ask/demand an IP address, and include the HTTP header of a web fetch or certain other specialty requests. The response would acknowledge all of these, including the IP address.

One idea, to avoid the DHCP step, is to use an autoconfiguration protocol in the 10.0.0.0 network, and for the AP to expect this. You would send out a packet, assuming your auto-chosen IP address and get the response back right away except in the rare event you’ve chosen a colliding address. In a drive-by, a collision probably means you don’t get the data, ie. collisions are good to avoid while driving.

This would allow quick data grabs, such as web fetches, grabs of the latest news or the next 100KB of some audio stream, or even partial e-mail sync-ups for people doing mail.

In particular, APs with beacons might include URLs in the becon that can be fetched for more information. These URLs might be out on the open internet, or just served from a disconnected AP itself. Some endpoints, such as laptops, might be programmed to fetch in all the URLs noted in a beacon for storage and perusal after the car has zoomed past. Thus the basic beacon might include a historical marker, but it might trigger the fetch of a 100K of other useful data. (A protocol to bundle a set of web pages together into one stream would be handy here.)

And the commercial applications of this are not at all bad. As you zoom past a restaurant, you might receive its menu. You could certainly do so manually if you stopped next to the restaurant, even without automatic fetch.

This includes some blending of levels in the protocol stack that might make some network engineers uncomfortable. But to do useful work in the few seconds you can see an 802.11 AP while driving past it at high speed, some of this is necessary. And the result would be highly cool. I could see all sorts of good things, along with commerce. People learning more local info. Neighbours meeting neighbours with the electronic introduction.

And, to add a positive note to the advertising question, if this became popular, virtual ads might well replace the ugly signs and billboards that pollute our landscape. Some of them, anyway. The APs would be vastly cheaper than any decent sign, even with a solar panel. Pedestrians would be locked out for a while, though.

Of course, some of this could be done with a big fat database people download, combined with a GPS. And in fact, some mapping software already meets some of this need. But that’s all with central databases. I like the idea that the $40 access points people are already buying could produce a giant decentralized database of local information.

Responses to user comments.

I met one of my own neighbours because his SSID was an E-mail address. In fact, I ended up joining a group that owns a colo server with him, so it paid off for me.

There are a whole bunch of issues and solutions here. Some things (like maps and annotations) are often best served by a central geo-linked database that you update when you’re online. There are things you want central control for (and can get in a comprehensive form) and things you don’t. AP owners aren’t likely to want to support annotations negative to their location — that’s exactly where you want an external database that you trust.

Note that if APs allow you to do quick data-grabs that might include updates to your geo-based databases for the region.

Key to this idea is the drive-by. Thus the beacon (one way broadcast) and the proposals for data grabs that require close to nil or nil handshaking. Today we have a chain of probe, beacon, authenticate, associate, DHCP, TCP setup and data fetch. This doesn’t work in a quick drive-by where not only are you only nearby for a short time, you have high packet loss and can’t afford timeouts and retransmits. Even Rendezvous and other autoconfigs just remove some of this long chain of handshakes. I propose a single frame which contains all you need to associate with an autoconfigured IP address, and an embedded UDP packet using that address, and a UDP protocol to do a best-efforts web fetch proxied by the AP or another system on its network.

Anything with handshakes or assured delivery will likely have you out of range before it’s done. Of course if you know you are going slow (and your signal strength history can tell you that) you can use more robust protocols and full TCP.

As for the cost of your AP, APs are now as low as $20 in stores, I don’t see them as a big thing to steal. An AP with a solar panel strong enough to let ti broadcast frequently would be more expensive.

Cisco IOS (Router & Switch)

2008-08-01T07:28:00.000-07:00

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Olympic flame comes to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

2008-04-20T06:41:00.000-07:00

The international relay of the Olympic flame was meant to be a grand passage through some of the world’s great cities, to dramatize the unity that animates the Olympic spirit and to herald the advent of Beijing as the newest capital of the Olympic movement. Instead, it has turned into a public relations nightmare...

The damage has been done. Not to the Olympic movement, because protesters and public alike have learned to distinguish between the Games and the politics of the host country. But to China’s image abroad. Coming on the heels of the violent riots or brutal crackdown in Tibet (the choice of emphasis is almost ideological), the torch relay has revealed, yet again, a disturbing side to China’s politics.

The Tibet issue has festered for half a century; China’s degree of influence over North Korea, Burma (Myanmar) and Sudan has been a concern and an object of speculation of the community of nations for many years. The protests that welcomed the torch relay are therefore not a surprise; in fact, they were expected. And they became inevitable after the recent eruption of violence in Tibet.

What is disturbing is the Chinese national government’s hard-line reaction. Despite the general freedom now enjoyed by ordinary Chinese citizens since the reforms known collectively as the “opening,” and in spite of the greater attention now focused on China because of the Olympics, China’s government has responded to the protests in a manner that can only be described as self-destructive...

CNY '2008

2008-02-09T04:59:00.000-08:00

This year Chinese New Year is a year where I can't meet all my family members during the reunion night. Don't know why they busy until can't back for reunion. Your "mother" is very sad, keep in heart secretly and hope you all back always. My emotion is also very down and miss you so much!!!

To all my family members,

Father and Mom in KL,
Grandma in Segamat,
Sisters and family in Singapore,
Meng Han and family in Johor Baharu,
Chan Beng and family in Batu Pahat,
Meng Sai and family in Indonesia,
Meng Lan and family in Tampin,
May Lim in Batu Pahat,
Meng Keat in Japan,
SiFu in Segamat,

Hope you all stay healthy and hope to see you all in next year reunion. ^_^

The Amazing Race 12 Winner - TK & Rachel

2008-01-25T04:02:00.000-08:00

Dating for almost one year
Rachel: Huntington Beach, CA
23, Florist/Store Owner

TK: Huntington Beach, CA
22, Substitute Teacher

Rachel & TK have only been dating for close to a year. Both of their moms were friends while they were growing up in Huntington Beach, California, yet they had never really spent anytime together until only recently. This fun-loving couple is always laughing and is eager to see if their relationship can stand up to the rigors of the Race.

Rachel owns her own high-style flower shop. She describes herself as bright and ambitious and claims that the biggest difference between she and TK are the lives they've led. He was a collegiate athlete at UC Santa Barbara while she stayed home and bought a business and started working straight out of high school.

TK currently makes his living as a substitute teacher. He describes himself as dedicated, witty and intelligent. TK swam in college and was voted team captain of the swim team. He also held the all-time record in the 200-meter backstroke at UCSB (University of California, Santa Barbara).

This free-spirited Team is looking to share the adventure of a lifetime together and won $ 1 million prize.

Mission: Impossible on TV2 Retro

2008-01-22T16:05:00.000-08:00

Now your favorite retro TV Series have back to TV2 on every weekdays 12.30 midnight.

This 7-year series chronicled the adventures of the Impossible Mission Taskforce (IMF), a team of government spies and specialists who were assigned "impossible missions" by the unseen "Secretary". Although the cast varied over the years, the main characters included The Team Leader (Dan Briggs the first season, then Jim Phelps the other six), The Techno-Wizard (Barney Collier), The Strongman (Willy Armitage), The Master of Disguise (first Rollin Hand, then The Amazing Paris), and The Femme Fatale (Cinnamon Carter, Casey, Dana Lambert, Mimi Davis).

Shell program to read any year and find whether leap year or not

2008-01-21T19:34:00.000-08:00

Pseudocode to determine whether a year is a leap year or not:

if year modulo 400 is 0 then leap
else if year modulo 100 is 0 then no_leap
else if year modulo 4 is 0 then leap
else no_leap

A more direct algorithm:

if ((year modulo 4 is 0) and (year modulo 100 is not 0)) 
 or (year modulo 400 is 0)
then leap
else no_leap

#!/bin/bash
# Shell program to read any year and find whether leap year or not
# -----------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) 2005 nixCraft project 
# This script is licensed under GNU GPL version 2.0 or above
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
# This script is part of nixCraft shell script collection (NSSC)
# Visit http://bash.cyberciti.biz/ for more information.
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------

# store year
yy=0
isleap="false"

echo -n "Enter year (yyyy) : "
read yy

# find out if it is a leap year or not

if [ $((yy % 4)) -ne 0 ] ; then
 : #  not a leap year : means do nothing and use old value of isleap
elif [ $((yy % 400)) -eq 0 ] ; then
 # yes, it's a leap year
 isleap="true"
elif [ $((yy % 100)) -eq 0 ] ; then
 : # not a leap year do nothing and use old value of isleap
else
 # it is a leap year
 isleap="true"
fi
if [ "$isleap" == "true" ];
then
 echo "$yy is leap year"
else
 echo "$yy is NOT leap year"
fi

#SOLUTION 1
#Tuesday Class
#!/bin/sh
feb=`cal 2 2008`
echo $feb
lastday=`echo $feb|sed -e 's/.* //'`

if [ $lastday -eq 29 ]
then
echo "leap yr"
exit 0
else
echo "not leap yr"
exit 1
fi

#SOLUTION 2
#!/bin/sh
if cal 2 `date +%Y`|grep -q 29
then
exit 0
else
exit 1
fi

#SOLUTION 3
#!/bin/sh
feb=$(cal 2 $(date +%Y))
lastday=`echo $feb|sed -e 's/.* //'`
if [ $lastday -eq 29 ]
then
echo "leap yr"
exit 0
else
echo "not leap yr"
exit 1
fi

#SOLUTION 4
#!/bin/sh
ndays=`$(date +%j -d $(date +%Y)1231)
if [ $ndays -eq 366 ]
then
echo "leap yr"
exit 0
else
echo "not leap yr"
exit 1
fi

#SOLUTION 5
test $(date +%j -d $(date +%Y)1231) -eq 366

My Newly Launched Website

2008-01-21T07:00:00.000-08:00

Please to tell that I recently launched my very first own website and I am expecting to have more wireless networking on Linux in the future. Although it is shared domain, but I am very happy to have one. And all this is about openSource! Login to http://parisheng.110mb.com/ know more. Thank you for support

RTM2 《八点前线》全新出击抢观众

2008-01-21T04:04:00.001-08:00

吉隆坡16日讯-RTM2华语新闻易名为《八点前线》，以全新风貌与风格，全新出发！

晚间8时新闻《八点前线》，除了已经亮相的戴欣怡、胡慧君，最新加入的还有新生代主播王箐忆、陈丽亭，以及《你怎么说》清谈节目主持人李晓蕙，为《八点前线》注入更多活力。而中午12时的午间新闻，同样改名为《午间快报》，并由资深新闻播报员江宇凡、陈锦花、萧慧芳、张慧灵及尤进来坐阵，为观众掌握各大新闻头条、股市等消息。

新闻部副部长拿督斯里谢宽泰说，这次最重要的任务是改革RTM2华语新闻，让它扮演“全民的新闻线”，报道最详尽的公共政策，让公众都深入了解与切身利益有关的讯息。同时，RTM2也会贴近民生，报道华社关心的时事课题。

他说：“RTM2华语新闻的收视观众高达35万，据调查报告显示，我们与友台八度空间的华语新闻收视率都是2.0 ，也是说，我们之间只是2千人之差。我希望在3个月内可以突破50万观众人次，这也是华语新闻总动员的全新目标。”

主播阵容都是记者

RTM2华语资讯节目顾问方若琪说：“《八点前线》这一次不只是外观的改变，也是一个文化及态度的改变。今天是全新的体现，也是长征的开始。”《八点前线》主播阵容都是记者，方若琪希望主播们可以做到专业化，不只是播报新闻，也可以全程参与整个制作过程。

以红、橙、篮、绿4种颜色组成的RTM2新闻标志，象征新闻的多元性：深入、立体化、个人化。同时这也象征着呈现手法的活泼性：生动、亲切、真实。新闻节目也将启用全新的直播棚，挥别过去的单色调，以亮丽色彩与观众见面。

Friendster using SUSE

2008-01-21T03:34:00.000-08:00

Friendster Technical Environment

Hardware/CPU: Dual 64-bit AMD Opteron Servers
RAM: 8GB
OS: SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 8
Database: MySQL Database Server
Language: PHP
Storage: Hitachi SAN
Load Balancer: NetScaler
Database Size:
– 7.3 Terabytes
– 100s of Millions of Rows
– Over 100 Tables

Scripting Secrets

2008-01-21T02:18:00.000-08:00

Scripting has always been easy in Linux. The design of the system promotes automation, and dozens of scripting tools are available for no cost through the always inventive Open Source community. The art of scripting is nearly as old as the art of tinkering with computers. Most Linux users have at least some familiarity with some of the common scripting techniques. So why are we still covering scripting? Because this ancient art keeps changing, and even the experts know they need to change with it. In this month’s issue, we focus on tools for scripting in Linux.

Government plans drastic cut in number of foreign workers

2008-01-19T23:39:00.000-08:00

Sunday January 20, 2008: THE Government is planning a drastic reduction in the number of foreign workers in the country, with at least 200,000 likely to be sent home by next year. Home Affairs Ministry secretary-general Datuk Raja Azahar Raja Abdul Manap said there were now some 2.02mil foreign workers, with approvals for 200,000 arrivals this year.

> The target: To cut the number down to 1.8million by next year and 1.5million by 2015.

> The objective: To reduce the country's dependency on foreign labour; to prioritise jobs for locals.

> Measures to be taken: All unskilled foreign workers will not have their work permits extended if they have been in the country for five years or more; skilled workers have up to a maximum of 10 years; and enforcement staff strength tripled

> Industries given priority: construction, manufacturing and plantation.

> Domestic maids: No limit to length of stay. But eligibility of employers may be raised from income of RM3,000 to RM5,000.